| Title | ABOUT | CONTENTS | GLOSSARY |
| J.A.L. Waddell — INDEX — Bridge Engineering |
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SSt. Charles (Missouri), Bridge failure, 1541 St. John & Quebec Ry. Vertical Lift Bridge, 743, 745 St. Louis Free Bridge, 91 nickel steel for, 91 Safety in pier designing, 972 Safety retreats, 542 Sags in grade, 1091 Sags in track, 1212 Saint-Venant, 14 Salem, Falls City, and Western Ry. Lift Bridge at Salem, Ore., 737, 741 Salesmanship, 1591, 1592 Salt in concrete, effect of, 1044 Samples of asphalt paving, 1812, 1818, 1822, 1823 Sand, asphalt pavement, 1811 concrete, 54 specifications, 1851 washing, 1044 Sand-bars, making borings on, 1105 Sand blast, 768 Sand cushion, 368 Sand filler, 368 Sand Point (Idaho), Lift Bridge, 724 San Francisco Bay, proposed cantilever bridge, 608-610, 614, 616 Scaffolding for borings, 1104 Scale or proportion of parts, 1160 Scales for drawings, 1380 Schedule prices, 1885 Schedules of charges, 1602-1604 Scherzer Rolling Lift bascules, 701-703, 714, 716 Schneider, C. C., 30, 120, 608, 642, 679, 683, 686, 687, 1412 formula for impact, 120 Schuylkill River Bridge, Philadelphia, 21 Sciotoville Bridge over the Ohio River, 25, 26, 31, 471, 482 Scope of contract, 1869, 1870 Scouring, 995, 1128 determination of probability of, 969 river beds, 1120 Scows for borings, 1097, 1104 Screens, 342 bridge floors, 386 Screw, 1730 piles, 1012 Sea worms, effect of, 780 Seals, 1886 Seaman, Henry B., 127 Seats for shoes, 459 Second-class masonry, 1863 Second coat of paint, 766 Second Narrows Bridge, at Vancouver, B. C., 343, 1076 Secondary stresses, 178-210, 217-226 avoidance of, 200 cantilevering, effect of, 202 classification of, 179 correction of, 203, 1784 history of, 16 K-system of trussing, 194 Petit trusses, 194 pins, effect of on, 200 reduction of, 201 short method of computation for, 181, 185 Secrecy, 1629 promotion, 1599 Sections, arches, 618 metal, 47 net, riveted tension members, 295-298 truss members, 489-503, 526-530 unusual, 48 Securities, guaranteeing of, 1599 injury to metal by, 769 Segmental rollers, 337, 455, 456 Selection of layout, 1088 Selection of type of cofferdam, 980 Seltzer, H. K., 1463, 1513 Semaphore lights, 1800 Semi-cantilevering, 574, 575, 577 camber for, 759 method of erection, 1074 secondary stresses due to, 202 Semi-circular stone arches, 10 Sense of fitness, inherent, 268 Service lights and roadway lights, 1797 Service of bridge engineer, value of, 37 Settlement by court, 1617 Sewers, maintenance of, 1752 Sewickley Bridge, 596 Seymour, Silas, 27 Shafts and shafting, steel, 1728, 1779 cold-rolled, 337 forged, 337 tower-sheaves, 1721 Shafts of piers and pedestals, batters of, 1051 designing of, 1024 reinforced-concrete bridges, 954 Shallow foundations, allowable pressures on, 966 Shapes, structural, origin of, 17 Shear, intensities for, 257 lacing, 290 maximum, pins, 264, 1658 plate-girders, 412-416 reinforced-concrete beams and slabs, 1657 rivets, tables of, 325 timber beams, 302 Shear and diagonal tension in reinforced concrete, 961 Shear, bond, and web reinforcement, 833 Shear-pole draw bridge, 665 planing of, 328 Sheathing, 1048 Sheave, deflecting, 1726 hoods, 1722 tower, 1720, 1721 bearings, 1722, 1789 shafts, 1721 Shedding pigment, 765 steel, 977 Shelf angles on floor-beams, 377 Shelter houses, 1840, 1841 Shelves, erection, 330 Sherwin and Williams paints, 771 Shifting of channel as affecting layout, 1215 Shimming of ties, 360 Shims, 1731 Shingling, 518 Shipping, 1766 boring tools, 1105 plate-girder spans, 409 Ships, loading metal on, 1766 Shock of falling span, 1077 Shoes, 452-460, 532, 533, 1680 eccentric loads on, 304-309 plate-girder spans, 452-460 grillages, 459 masonry plates, 453 roller and rocker shoes, 455-458 size of base required, 457 sliding bearings, plain, 454, 458 sliding rocker shoes, 454, 459 types of bearings, 453 Shogun's Bridge at Nikko, Japan, 7, 8 Shop drawings, checking, 1385, 1396, 1398, 1402 filing, 1402, 1411 record, 1401, 1409 returning, 1399 Shopwork, 327 affecting bridge design, 326 inspection, 1422 Shore protection and mattress work, 1058, 1866 Short-leaf yellow pine, 52 Shortening of arches, 864 Shortening of stringers, 209 Shrinkage of timber, 772 Shrubbery, 1155 Shunk, Major F. R., 947 Side friction on caissons, 964, 967, 996 plate-girders, 437 truss members, 495 Side-tracks, 1753 Sidewalks, 372 concrete, 1836 drainage, 372 flooring, 372, 1836 Siemens-Martin process, 17 Signals, bells, 1802 bridge traffic, 1707, 1708 lights, 1800 navigation, 1707, 1708 vessel, 1801 Signatures, witnesses to, 1886 economics of, 89 excess cost of, 88 Simple truss bridges, 468 converted into a cantilever structure, 1079 longest, 25 Mayarí steel, 71 Simplicity, 267 Single-angle connections, 293 Single-concentration method, 170 Single-intersection triangular truss, 468, 470, 471 Sink-fascines, 1061 Sinking caissons, 999 bed-rock, 1026 boulders, 992 cost of, 982 limiting amount of per day, 982 record of, 1479 Sinking piles by water jets, 1015 Sioux City Bridge triangulation, 1463 Siren, electric, 1801 arrangement of panels and trusses, 484-488 number of trusses in, 484 polygonal top chords, 487 squaring ends of in floor system, 354 Skew crossings, 1212 Skid girders, 533 Skiff for borings, 1105 Skinning structures, 29 Slabs, concentrated loads, distribution over, 852-857 counterforted retaining walls, loads on, 1039 designing of, 918 pouring of, 952 reinforced in two directions, stresses in, 851-852 Slater, W. A., , 857 Sleeve nuts, staggering of, 336 Slide rule, 1376 Sliding banks, 1074 Sliding bearings for plate-girders, 458 Sliding friction, 1032 Sliding joints in trestles, 539 Sliding rocker bearings, 459 Slope of stream, 1120 Smith, Albert Henry, 679 Smith, C. E., 1543 Smith, C. Shaler, 25, 27, 29, 608, 1072 Smith, Latrobe & Co., 27 Smith, T. A., 296 Smith, W. M., 941 Smoke protection, 1662, 1841 Sockets, rope, 312, 313, 1719, 1789 Soft steel, 45 Soils, characteristics of, 1010 compacting of, 1008 equilibrium of, 1010 permissible pressures on, 964 Soldiering on work, 1583 Soldiers marching, effect of, 117 Sole plates, beveled, 1067 Solenoid brakes, 1703, 1797 Soliciting work, 1606 Solid, barrel arch ribs, 943 deck floors. See Floors. drilling, 334 rib arches, 636 spandrel arches, 940 webs, 331 Solitary bents, 211 Soundings, 1147 Sources of supply for materials, 1756 Southern Pacific Lift Bridge, 728, 731 South Halsted Street Lift Bridge, Chicago, 718-720 Spacing, columns, economics of, 1194 counterforts, 1042 girders, 409, 1637 reinforcing bars, minimum, 962 stringers, etc., 1637 ties, 360 tracks, 355, 1639 trusses, 483, 1638 Span lengths, determination of, 1371 Span lengths, economic, 1187 Span-locks and buffers, 1724 Span renewal by barges, 1510 Spandrel, girders and columns, quantities for, 1329 walls, quantities in, 1330, 1331 Spandrel-braced arches, 636 Special material, 332 Special reports, 1488 Specialists, 41 Specialization, 36 Specialty of bridge engineering, 36 Specific clauses in specifications, 1550, 1551 Specific gravity test for asphalt, 1821 Specifications for design and construction, asphalt, 1809 bridges and subways, by Seaman, 127 manufacture and erection, 1741-1891 piers, abutments, and retaining walls,design, 1045-1057 reinforced-concrete bridges, design, 953-963 steel superstructures, design, 1632-1740 Specifications in general, 1548 adherence to in bidding, 1869 common sense in interpreting, 1556 contracts, dividing line with, 1557 definition, 1548 designing, 1556 favoritism, avoidance of, 1554 filing of, 1386 first printed, 29 function of, true, 1551, 1552 general clauses of, 1548, 1549, 1550 importance of, 1549 language in, 1553 manufacture and construction, 1556 necessity of, 1550 objects of, 1548 precision in, 1555 salient features of good, 1552 specific clauses of, 1550, 1551 spirit of the, 1757 without plans, 1551 writing, foundation of, 1549 writing, teaching of, 1549 Specimens for testing, 1773 Speed of train, 133 Spilsbury, E. Gybbon, 662 Spiral, 355 Spiral approach to Havana Harbor Bridge, 1076, 1157 Spirit of the specifications, 1757 columns, 338 compression chords, 292 development of reinforcing bars, 963 flanges of plate-girders, 421 panel points, 517 partial, 532 plate-girders, field, 409 flanges, 421 design, 450-452 types, 447-449 plates, bending stresses in, 448 rail, 356 rivet-spacing in, 511 timber, 772 truss, analysis of, 507 bottom chord splice, O.-W. R.R. & N. Co's bridge, 517 compression, 518 design of tension lap splice, 512-517 location, 508-510 number, 508-510 field, 508-509 shop, 509 panel points, 517 plates, arrangement of, 511 rivets, 511 compression, 511 tension, 511-512 net section, 511 types, 508 webs of plate-girders, 420, 447-452 Spread, footings, 1028 spans, 1074 tracks, 537 Springs, encountering of, 979 Spur dykes, 1058 Squad bosses, 1391-1393 Squad work, 1391-1393 Square bars, weights of, 799 Square-column footings, 838 Square-ended girders, 333 Square ends, 331 Squaring ends of skewed structures, 354 Stadia, use of, for hydrographic surveys, 1147 Staging, 1769 pier location, 1471 Stairways, 1734, 1841 Standard, dimensions, 332 gauge, 355 sections, economics in using, 1201 sheets, 1396 widths for bridges, 332 Star struts, 279 Starting work, 1884 State bridge engineers, 1535 State Highway Commissions, 30 Statham, H. Heathcote, 1163 Stations of elevated railroads, 549 Status of bridge engineering, 1601, 1602 highway bridge building, 1532 Stay plates, 274, 285, 493, 505 Steam hammer, 1015 Steel, acid open-hearth, 46 maximum strength of, 58 aluminum, 82 arch piers and abutments, 1344 arches, cambering of, 760 bending tests, 1774 Bessemer, 46 bridges, life of, 37 cables, weights of, 96 caissons, 990 carbon, 45 content in, 46 requirements for, 1770 castings, 48, 1777 annealing, 338 chrome, 58 chrome-nickel, 58 corrosion in salt water, 986 drifting tests, 1775 erection, 1848 error, limits of, 1784 finish of, 1776 fracture of, 1775 hand-rails, 1786 Hay, 57 high, 45 intensities for, 257 manganese, 57 Mayarí, 68. See also Mayarí steel. medium, 45 brittle zone, 61 composition, 60 experiments by author, 58 manganese, 61 price, 60 requirements, 1771 rivets, 61 weights, 61 number of test pieces, 1774 open-hearth, origin, 17 piles, 1013 purified, 72 excess cost of, 73 rails, inspection of, 1440-1442, 1447 reinforcing, cost of, 1359, 1360 rusting, 765 sheet piling, 977 shells for piers, 1025 maintaining form of, 1859 soft, 45 stringers for highway floors, 365 superstructures, specifications for designing, 1632 tapes, 1786 triangulation with, 1456 testing, methods of, 1772 trestles, 536 heights of, 542 vanadium-carbon, 89 weight of, 96 weights of, in superstructures, 1219 working stresses for, 1655, 1756 Steinman, Dr. D. B., 655, 656, 659, 1207 Stenographic work, 1388 Steubenville Bridge, Ohio, 24 Stewart, L. S., 1513 Stiffeners, I-beam spans, 301 Stiffening of long struts, 390 Stiffening trusses of suspension bridges, alloy steel in, 655 ambiguity in, 659 economic depths of, 655 intermediate hinges in, 655 spacing of, 656 weights of, 650-653 Stock, amount of, 1598 bonus, 1607 promises, 1600 Stock material, inspection of, 1437 Stock-ramming, 976 Stone, 53 arches, semi-circular, 10 asphalt pavement, 1811 block pavement, 370 broken, specifications for, 1851 concrete, 53 dust, 53 masonry, inspection of, 1453 masonry piers, 1020 testing at crusher, 1470 weight of compacted, 96 Stopping leaks in cofferdams, 976 Storage facilities, 1753 Storing materials, 1885 Straightening, 332, 1781 channels, 1090 metal in rolls, 1431 Strait of Canso, proposed cantilever bridge for, 593, 1160 Strap-plates for cantilever beams, 379, 380 plate-girder splices, 449 Strauss, J. H., 716 trunnion bascule, 704, 705, 714, 715 heel-trunnion bascule, 706 vertical lift bridge, 743 Stream conditions as affecting layout, 1215 Stream meanders, 1091 Stream, slope of, 1120 Street railroad tracks, 1635 Strength of timber, 772 Strengthening cylinder piers, 1530 Stresses, alternating, 255 analysis, origin of, 15 arch ribs with fixed ends, 862 bearing, 255 bending, 203 cantilever bridges, 570-572 coefficients for trusses, 171-177 combinations of, 250, 960, 1376, 1658, 1659 swing spans, 1689, 1690 computation, coefficients for trusses, 171-177 concentrated-wheel-load, method of, 160, 161 equivalent uniform load method of, 164, 165 methods of, 158 diagrams, 1379 old bridges, 1519 frequency of application of, 275 indeterminate, locations of, 223 longitudinal deformation of chords, 208 monolithic structures, 842, 961 oft-repeated, 255 reversal of, 253, 1657 temperature, 210 theory, origin of, 13 trusses, coefficients for, 171-177 working, 1654, 1657 Stretch of ropes, 1719 Strictness of inspection, 1764 Stringers, brackets, 376 connection angles, 376 connections, 329 connections to laterals, 399, 400 continuity, 210 coping, 375 equivalent live loads, 166 fillers under ends, 302, 376, 377 fitting, 376 flanges, 328 framing in, 329 iron, origin of, 24 lengths, 376 milling, 376, 1783 number per track, 354 pile trestles, 774 railway truss spans, 1676, 1677 shortening, 209 spacing, 1637 Strobel Steel Construction Co., 716 Structural, shapes, origin of, 17 steel, limits of error in, 1784 supports for machinery, 1697 Structure, layout of, 1372 Structures, noiseless, 348 Strut connections, lateral, 293 Struts stiffening of long, 390 star, 279 Styles of highway bridges, 1640 Styles of railway bridges, 1640 Subdivided triangular truss, 471 Subletting of contract, 1566, 1882, 1885 Submission of plans by bidders, 1629 Submitting plans on approval, 1623 Sub-punching, accuracy of, 1436 Sub-punching and reaming, 327, 338, 1782 Substructure, construction expenses, 1366, 1367 reconstruction, 1529 reinforced-concrete arches, 941 remodeling of, 1749 renewal, 1509, 1529 Roman, 12 Successors and assigns, 1563 Suggestions to contractor, 1470, 1471 Sukkur Bridge, India, 1179 Sumps, 978 Sunday contracts illegal, 1571 Superelevation, 355 curves, 1637 effects of, 132-134 electric railway lines, 134 shallow floors, 353 Superstructure, remodeling, 1751 specifications for designing steel, 1632 weights of, steel in, 1219 Supply cables for swing spans, 1706 Supply shaft, 1006 Supports, machinery, 1697 operating ropes, 1726 Surcharge, 1032 Surety consent, 1885 Surface finish of reinforced-concrete work, 953 Surface of concrete, method of forming, 1853 Survey, preliminary, 1088, 1091 hydrographical, 1091 navigable waters, bridging of, 1147 topographical, 1091 Suspended span, economic length of, 1198 Suspending cables for vertical-lift spans, 1718, 1719 Suspending of caissons, , 1000 anchored ends, 654 backstays, 658 cantilever bridges, economic comparison with, 1206, 1207 conditions calling for, 659 detail for suspended spans, 1077 development, 648 economic cable rise, 656 erection, 1506 greatest practicable span length, 656 hoisting, 1077 iron chains, 6 longest, 659 origin, 6 prototypes, 3 stiffening trusses, 648 maximum bending, 650 maximum shear, 650 stresses in towers, 658 study, 662 suspension detail, 1077 towers, 658 weights of material in, 656, 657 Wheeling, 21 Sway bracing, 387 connections, 506 deck bridge, 1642, 1643 Swelling of timber, 773 Swensson, Eric, 669 Swing spans, 684-699, 1686, 1687 adjusting, 695 anchoring, 154, 693, 1075, 1693 bearing-blocks under drums, 1694 bob-tailed, 664 Boller's formula for power, 689 centre-bearing, 696, 1695 centre wedges, 1717 distribution of load, 687 pivot, tracks, rack, and rollers, 1716 classification, 684 comparative costs, 698 comparative weights, 698 comparison with bascules, 1208 comparison with vertical lifts, 1208 deflection, 1692 double-rotating cantilever, 665, 666 drums, 688, 1692 designing, 691-692 economic functions of, 1194 end lifts, 695, 1717 machinery, 1724 equalizers for driving-pinions, 693 floating, 684, 1073 latches, 1718 live-load stresses, 689-691 loading-girders, 1692 loads, 1687-1689 machinery, 1726 man-power machinery, 697 percentages of weights of metal in, as compared with simple spans of same length, 1249 power, 1698-1700 racks, 1715, 1716 rail lifts, 696 reactions for balanced loads, rim-bearing, 690 reactions for centre-bearing, 691 rim-bearing vs. centre-bearing, 685, 686 rim-bearing, centre-casting, 1715 tracks, rack, rollers, and centre-castings, 1713 roller bearings, 1717 roller nests, 696 rollers, 1714, 1716 rust joints for drums, 688 stress-combinations, 1689, 1690 styles of trusses, 1686 trusses, details of design for, 1691 wedges, 696 weights of metal for, 1242-1249 wind loads, 154 Switch points for creeping of rails, 357 Switches and switch-boards, 1706, 1796 Switches, limit, 1706, 1797 Systemization, 268 |