must not be omitted. — Turning in flanges of channels. — Batten plates inside of the gussets. — Girders of constant or varying depths for viaducts. — Location of pedestal pins. — Non-omission of end floor-beams. — Single angles not to be used in tension. — Exact location of top-chord pins. — Cast iron in bridges. — Insertion of casting between foot of column and the masonry. — Variation in pound prices for different sections of metal. — Avoid special material. — Adhere to standard sizes. — Design to avoid all unnecessary shopwork. — Reaming to templates. — Avoid side plates and doubling of web plates. — Cheaper to use heavy flange angles in stringers rather than lighter angles with cover-plates. — Avoid beveled cuts. — Design so as to use multiple punches. — Do not crimp stiffeners for ordinary work. — Solid web versus lacing. — Avoid hand-riveting. — Duplication in skew spans. — Use very few sizes of pins in same bridge. — In riveted tension members use tie plates instead of lacing. — Allow ample clearance. — When metal is drilled from the solid use as few pieces as possible in make-up of sections.

Mr. Canady's contribution to chapter: Duplicate spans. — Avoidance of light and heavy trusses in same span. — Long panels. — Symmetry. — Squaring small skews. — Treatment of skewed spans. — Unnecessary completeness of many engineers' drawings. — Freedom to be allowed shops in rivet spacing. — Duties of shop designing-engineer. — Full-punched work. — Sub-punching. — Forge and achine-shop work to be a minimum. — Curving ends of girders. — Staggering rivets. — Variety of rivet diameters. — Web-plate versus lacing for I-shaped sections of struts. — Thickening of stringer webs. — Allowing sufficient difference between gross and net sectional areas. — Fitting of fillers beneath stiffeners. — Avoiding bevel cuts. — Thickening of base plates to avoid shop-work. — Coordination of different parts of a design. ................ 202

Design so that metal will go together easily in field. — Furnish sufficient clearance. —

Wolfel's general instructions. — Allow one-half inch clearance for sheared ends. — Allow for "growth of steel." — Allow ample space in pockets. — Allow ample width for packing. — Begin erection at center panel. — Arrange for putting floor in place either before or after trusses are erected. — Detail through plate-girders so as to avoid spreading them in field. — Half pin-holes undesirable. — Entering connections to be avoided. — Clearance for packing. — Avoid necessity for notching timber ties to clear rivet-heads. — Minimize number of field rivets. — Most important points to facilitate and cheapen erection. — Viaducts. — Make two bents of tower alike. — Proper lengths for sections of columns. — Swinging-in of cross-frames. .... 214

Economics of this type not yet so highly developed as that of older types. —

Intensity of stress for reinforcing bars. — Objections to high-carbon steel therefor. — Intensity of working stress for concrete. — Pavings. — Hand Rails. — Designs. — Economics of design rather difficult to determine. — Slabs. — Girders. — Simple-span girders versus continuous girders. — Character of foundations. — Balanced-cantilever type of girder. — Columns. — Footings. —