ered with scale, rust, grease, and dirt, as it frequently happens to be when taken from the works or from the field to-day. Coatings of worthy paint upon such an unstable foundation are bound either to be decomposed or soon forced off the surface by the moisture, scale, or grease under them.

Up to the present time no physical or chemical tests have been discovered that can distinguish between Bessemer and Open-Hearth Steel, or between acid and basic, provided the same materials have been used in making them. This fact is "so well known that some of the best and most careful engineers in the country, including those who are most stringent in their demands concerning physical and chemical qualities, do not make any surface inspection," and yet flaws, flash, rust, grease,