be used, because the small amount of electric current saved by employing weak ones is a bagatelle in comparison with the benefits obtained through ample lighting capacity.

Heat

While in the past some bridge shops have been run during the winter months without heat, the furnishing of a reasonable amount of it then will assuredly result in a sufficient increase of tonnage in a given period to pay for several times its cost. No man who is uncomfortably cold when housed can work to advantage, although it is true that out-of-doors laborers in winter often have to keep busy in order to maintain the necessary blood circulation. So much attention has been paid in late years to the conditions under which labor operates that it is probable that at the present time in most of the northern states it would be impossible to induce men to work during the winter months in an unheated shop. It is certain that such a shop would not attract the best character of labor; and efficient workmen are essential to the production of economic results.

Ventilation

In most bridge shops certain operations involve the production of considerable quantities of smoke and gas; and it is essential to arrange for their removal as rapidly as generated. The men cannot do satisfactory work unless they have a sufficient supply of fresh air; and the atmosphere they breathe should be free from gases and odors. Even though these be not actually harmful, their existence militates against economy; because, when such odors are perceptible, the workmen seem to get the impression that all of their ordinary ills and discomforts result therefrom. The importance of ventilation is greater where the design of the shop is such that overhead traveling cranes are operated by men located near the roof, as the heat, smoke, and gases accumulate there and make it impossible for these men to handle their work properly.

Space

The shop should be so designed that all of the work of any particular character can be done in a space by itself; and sufficient area should be provided for handling the maximum output of material for each operation throughout the shop. For instance, if the space devoted to reaming be insufficient, the shop up to that point will become over-crowded with material ready for reaming, the shop beyond will not contain sufficient material, and the tonnage of the work going through will be limited because of the lack of space in this particular area. It is just as important to have enough space for each operation as it is to have sufficient total space. If it be found that there is a lack of space in certain areas, and if more space cannot be secured at these points, the trouble will have to be overcome as