is at no point over one third of its diameter at such point out of a straight line. All piles must, show an even and gradual taper from end to end; and the tip ends are to be pointed in an approved and workmanlike manner. Wherever the piles are liable to encounter logs, bowlders, or any other material which is liable to split or injure them, the ends are to be protected by cast or wrought iron shoes.

Whenever in driving it becomes apparent that the hammer is splitting or injuring the head of a pile to any material extent, the top is to be banded by a heavy wrought-iron ring while the pile is being driven. All piles must be cut off at tops to an exact line so that the caps will bear evenly on all the piles of the group.

All piles injured in driving, or that are driven out of place, shall either be cut off or withdrawn, as the Engineer may elect, and others shall be driven in their stead.

Whenever the heads of the piles are of greater diameter than the width of the caps, they are to be adzed off at the tops at an angle of about forty-five (45) degrees, so as to be flush with the sides of the caps.

All piles must be accurately spaced according to plans, and those beneath the track-stringers must be driven vertically.

All battered piles must be driven to the angle shown on the drawings. Where piles of different diameters are used in the same bent, the large piles must be adzed off where the diagonal braces cross them, so that the diagonals will not be bent out of line.

FRAMING.

All framing must be done to a close fit, and in a thorough and workmanlike manner. No blocking or shimming of any kind will be allowed in making joints, nor will any open joints be accepted anywhere on the work.

All joints, ends of posts, ends of piles, etc., and all surfaces of timber which are to be placed in direct contact with other timber or with masonry, must be thoroughly painted with hot, creosote oil, and then covered with a good coat of hot asphal-