oid. These have all the advantages of cut-stone blocks, and are generally cheaper. The latter, however, can be used if there be anything to be gained thereby, provided that the quality of the stone be first-class in every particular.

ANCHORAGES.

The author prefers to anchor columns to pedestals by means of anchor-bolts, either two or four per column, according to whether there is bending on the latter in one or in two directions, extending well down into the concrete and held therein by a cast-iron spider, and extending well up outside of the column, to which they connect by means of long enclosing plates and heavy washers. The boxed spaces at the column feet should always be filled with concrete to prevent the collection of dirt and moisture.

PLATE GIRDERS VERSUS OPEN-WEBBED, RIVETED GIRDERS.

As far as economy goes, there is no material difference between plate-girder work and open-webbed, riveted work; but the former is more satisfactory in most particulars, the only real advantage of the latter being that it is more sightly. On this account it is preferable for structures occupying the streets, while plate-girder work is more advantageous for structures located on private property.

CRIMPING OF WEB-STIFFENING ANGLES.

Investigation has shown that it is economical to crimp intermediate stiffening angles and to use fillers beneath all end stiffeners.

SECTIONS FOR COLUMNS.

The best section for columns located in the street is composed of two channels with their flanges turned inward and an I beam riveted between the channels, the flanges of the