CHAPTER IV: ALLOY STEELS IN BRIDGEWORK
Fig. 4a. Weights of Double-track, Through, Pin-connected, Petit-truss Spans of Carbon Steel and Nickel Steel 62
Fig. 4b. Weights of Double-track, Through, Pin-connected, Cantilever Bridges of Carbon Steel and Nickel Steel 63
Figs. 4c. and 4d. Comparative Costs of Double-track, Through, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans of Carbon Steel and Mixed Nickel and Carbon Steels 65
Figs. 4e and 4f. Comparative Costs of Double-track, Through, Pin-connected, Cantilever Bridges of Carbon Steel and Mixed Nickel and Carbon Steels 66
Fig. 4g. Probable Weights of Very-long-span Cantilever Bridges of Carbon Steel and of Nickel Steel 67
Fig. 4h. Poids de Métal par Mètre Courant pour les Ponts Ordinaires à Double Voie 74
Fig. 4i. Poids de Métal par Mètre Courant pour les Ponts Cantilevers à Double Voie 75
Fig. 4j. Prix du Métal en OEuvre par Mètre Courant pour les Ponts Ordinaires à Double Voie 76
Fig. 4k. Prix du Métal en OEuvre par Metre Courant pour les Ponts Cantilevers à Double Voie 77
Fig. 4l. Total Weight of Metal per Lineal Foot of Span for Double-track, Simple-span Bridges of Carbon Steel and Alloy Steels of Different Elastic Limits 78
Fig. 4m. Total Weight of Metal per Lineal Foot of Span for Double-track, Cantilever Bridges of Carbon Steel and Alloy Steels of Different Elastic Limits 80
Fig. 4n. Comparative Costs of Double-track, Simple-span, Railway Bridges of Carbon Steel and Mixed Alloy and Carbon Steels for E = 80,000 lbs 81
Fig. 4o. Comparative Costs of Double-track, Cantilever, Railway Bridges of Carbon Steel and Mixed Alloy and Carbon Steels for E = 80,000 lbs 83
Fig. 4p. Comparative Costs of Double-track, Simple-span, Railway Bridges of Carbon Steel and Mixed Alloy and Carbon Steels, Contrasting Vanadium and Nickel Steels 86
Fig. 4q. Comparative Costs of Double-track, Cantilever, Railway Bridges of Carbon Steel and Mixed Alloy and Carbon Steels, Contrasting Vanadium and Nickel Steels 87
CHAPTER VI: LIVE LOADS
Fig. 6c. Maximum End Shears for Plate-girder Spans of Railway Bridges 104
Fig. 6d. Equivalent Uniform Live Loads for Plate-girder Spans of Railway Bridges 1055
Fig. 6e. Equivalent Uniform Live Loads for Truss Spans of Railway Bridges 106
Fig. 6g. Maximum End Shears for Plate-girder Spans of Electric Railway Bridges 109
Fig. 6h. Equivalent Uniform Live Loads for Plate-girder Spans of Electric Railway Bridges 110
Fig. 6i. Equivalent Uniform Live Loads for Truss Spans with Class 15 Electric Railway Loading 111
Fig. 6j. Equivalent Uniform Live Loads for Truss Spans with Class 20 Electric Railway Loading 112
Fig. 6k. Equivalent Uniform Live Loads for Truss Spans with Class 25 Electric Railway Loading 113
Fig. 6l. Equivalent Uniform Live Loads for Truss Spans with Class 30 Electric Railway Loading 114
Fig. 6m. Equivalent Uniform Live Loads for Truss Spans with Class 35 Electric Railway Loading 115
Fig. 6n. Equivalent Uniform Live Loads for Truss Spans with Class 40 Electric Railway Loading 116
Fig. 6o. Uniformly Distributed Live Loads for Highway Bridges 117
CHAPTER VII: IMPACT LOADS
Fig. 7a. Maximum Impact Percentages by Actual Tests on Plate-girders and Main Members of Truss Spans upon Various Railroads 125
Fig. 7b. Impact Tests and Various Impact Curves 126
Fig. 7c. Coefficients of Impact for Railway Bridges 129
Fig. 7d. Coefficients of Impact for Electric Railway Bridges 130
Fig. 7e. Coefficients of Impact for Highway Bridges 131
CHAPTER VIII: CENTRIFUGAL FORCE AND THE EFFECT OF TRACK CURVATURE
Fig. 8a. Superelevation for Tracks on Curves 135
Fig. 8b. Centrifugal Force for Tracks on Curves 137
CHAPTER IX: WIND LOADS, VIBRATION LOADS, AND TRACTION LOADS
Fig. 9a. Wind Pressures on Inclined Surfaces per Duchemin's Formula 150
Fig. 9b. Wind Loads and Vibration Loads for Railway Bridges 151
Fig. 9c. Areas of Railway Bridges Exposed to Wind 153
Fig. 9d. Wind Loads for Highway and Electric Railway Bridges 154
Fig. 9e. Traction Loads for Railway Bridges 157
CHAPTER X: METHODS OF STRESS COMPUTATION
Fig. 10a. Equivalent Live Loads for Plate-girder Spans for Class 50 167
CHAPTER XVI: DETAILING IN GENERAL
Fig. 16a. Weights of Bar Lacing 287
Fig. 16b. Weights of Angle Lacing 288
Fig. 16c. Diagram for Designing Lacing 289
Fig. 16d. Points of Contraflexure in Braced Columns 294
Fig. 16e. Diagram for Calculating Net Sections of Riveted Tension Members 295
Fig. 16h. Diagram for Designing Timber Beams 303
CHAPTER XXI: PLATE-GIRDER AND ROLLED I-BEAM BRIDGES
Fig. 21a. Total Shears throughout Plate-girder Spans Carrying Uniformly Distributed Live and Dead Loads 413
Fig. 21b. Total Shears throughout Plate-girder Spans without Floor-beams and Stringers Carrying Railway Loading 415
Fig. 21e. Economic Depths of Plate-girders with Riveted End-connections 420
Fig. 21k. Net Areas of Plate-girder Flanges Composed of Two Angles and Cover-plates 429
Fig. 21m. Rivet-pitches in Girder Flanges for Combined Shear and Direct Loads 439
Fig. 21n. Rivet-pitches in Girder Flanges for Combined Shear and Direct Loads 441
Fig. 21s. Diagram for Design of I-Beams for Railway Spans 461
CHAPTER XXII: SIMPLE TRUSS BRIDGES
Fig. 22jjj. Rivet Diagram for 7/8" Rivets 519
Fig. 22kkk. Rivet Diagram for 3/4" Rivets 520
CHAPTER XXV: CANTILEVER BRIDGES
Fig. 25j. Weights of Trusses and Lateral Systems of Cantilever-arms and Anchor-arms in Percentages of Average Truss and Lateral Weight for One Panel of Suspended Span 583
CHAPTER XXVI: ARCH BRIDGES
Fig. 26n. Values of n and r for Arch Ribs 640
CHAPTER XXVIII: MOVABLE BRIDGES IN GENERAL
Fig. 28g. Cost of Power Equipment for Movable Spans 681
CHAPTER XXIX: SWING BRIDGES
Fig. 29a. Reactions for Balanced Loads on Rim-bearing Draw-spans 690
Fig. 29b. Reactions for Centre-bearing Draw-spans 691
CHAPTER XXXVII: REINFORCED-CONCRETE BRIDGES
Fig. 37b. Diagram for the Design of Rectangular Beams 797
Fig. 37c. Diagram for the Design of Slabs and Small Beams 798
Fig. 37e. Diagram for the Design of Double-reinforced Beams in General 802
Fig. 37e'. Special Diagram for the Design of Double-reinforced Beams when fc = 600 and fs = 16,000 803
Fig. 37f. Percentage of Reduction in Concrete and Steel Stresses Due to Compressive Reinforcement 804
Fig. 37h. Diagram for the Design of T-Beams in general 809
Fig. 37h'. Special Diagram for the Design of T-Beams when fc= 600 and fs = 16,000 811
Fig. 37j. Diagram for the Design of Rectangular Beams of Varying Depth 817
Fig. 37k. Diagram for the Design of Columns under Direct Stress Only 819
Fig. 37m. Diagram for the Design of Beams and Columns under Flexure and Direct Stress, with Reinforcement in Tension Face Only 822
Fig. 37o. Diagram for the Design of Beams and Columns under Flexure and Direct, Stress, with Reinforcement in Both Faces—for e/h < 1/4 827
Fig. 37q. Diagram for the Design of Beams and Columns under Flexure and Direct Stress, with Reinforcement in Both Faces—for e/h > 1/7 831
Fig. 37r. Diagram for the Design of Web Reinforcement 835
Fig. 37s. Moments of Inertia of Rectangular Beams 840
Fig. 37t. Moments of Inertia of Columns and Arch Ribs 841
Fig. 37u. Values of k - k3 and 2k - 3k2 + k3 843
Fig. 37v. Moment Coefficients for Continuous Beams 845
Fig. 37x. Diagram for Determining the Distribution of Concentrated Loads over Slabs 853
Fig. 37ee. Values of Live-load Moment Coefficient Cm 870
Fig. 37ff. Position of Point of Contraflexure for Arch Shortening and Temperature Stresses 870
Fig. 37gg. Values of Temperature Stress Coefficient Ct 871
Fig. 37vv. Pressure of Wet Concrete on Forms 948
CHAPTER XLIII: PIERS, PEDESTALS, ABUTMENTS, RETAINING WALLS, AND CULVERTS
Fig. 43c. Earth Pressures for Retaining Walls 1034
CHAPTER XLIX: DETERMINATION OF WATERWAYS
Fig. 49b. Average Run-offs for the United States 1117
CHAPTER LIII: TRUE ECONOMY IN DESIGN
Fig. 53a. Cost of Single-track-railway Embankments 1195
Fig. 53b. Cost of Double-track-railway Embankments 1196
Fig. 58c. Cost of Single-track-railway, Wooden Trestles 1197
Fig. 53d. Cost of Double-track-railway, Wooden Trestles 1198
Fig. 50e. Cost of Plain-concrete Railway-abutments 1199
CHAPTER LV: WEIGHTS OF STEEL SUPERSTRUCTURES
Fig. 55a. Single-track-railway, I-Beam Spans—Total Metal in Span 1220
Fig. 55b. Single-track-railway, Deck, Plate-girder Spans—Total Metal in Span 1221
Fig. 55c. Single-track-railway, Half-through, Plate-girder Spans—Total Metal in Span 1222
Fig. 55d. Single-track-railway, Through, Truss Spans—Metal in Laterals and on Piers 1223
Fig. 55e. Single-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Truss Spans—Metal in Floor System 1224
Fig. 55f. Single-track-railway, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Percentages of Metal in Truss Details 1225
Fig. 55g. Single-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Metal in Trusses 1226
Fig. 55h. Single-track-railway, Through, Riveted , Pratt-truss Spans—Total Metal in Span 1227
Fig. 55i. Single-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Petit-truss Spans—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Span 1228
Fig. 55j. Single-track-railway, Deck, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Metal in Floor System 1229
Fig. 55k. Single-track-railway, Deck, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Metal in Laterals and on Piers 1230
Fig. 55l. Single-track-railway, Deck, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans —Metal in Trusses 1231
Fig. 55m. Single-track-railway, Deck, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Total Metal in Span 1232
Fig. 55n. Single-track-railway, Through, Pin-connected, Truss Spans—Metal in Floor System 1233
Fig. 55o. Single-track-railway, Through, Pin-connected, Pratt-truss Spans—Metal in Trusses 1234
Fig. 55p. Single-track-railway, Through, Pin-connected, Pratt-truss Spans—Total Metal in Span 1235
Fig. 55q. Single-track-railway, Through, Pin-connected, Petit-truss Spans—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Span 1236
Fig. 55r. Double-track-railway, Half-through, Plate-girder Spans—Total Metal in Span 1237
Fig. 55s. Double-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Metal in Floor System 1238
Fig. 55t. Double-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Metal in Laterals and on Piers 1239
Fig. 55u. Double-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Percentages of Metal in Truss Details 1239
Fig. 55v. Double-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Metal in Trusses 1240
Fig. 55w. Double-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Pratt-truss Spans—Total Metal in Span 1241
Fig. 55x. Double-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Petit-truss Spans—Metal in Floor System, Laterals, and on Piers 1242
Fig. 55y. Double-track-railway, Through, Riveted, Petit-truss Spans—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Span 1243
Fig. 55z. Double-track-railway, Through, Pin-connected, Pratt-truss Spans—Metal in Floor System, Laterals, and on Piers 1244
Fig. 55aa. Double-track-railway, Through, Pin-connected, Pratt-truss Spans—Metal in Trusses 1245
Fig. 55bb. Double-track-railway, Through, Pin-connected, Pratt-truss Spans—Total Metal in Span 1246
Fig. 55cc. Double-track-railway, Through, Pin-connected, Petit-truss Spans—Metal in Floor System, Laterals, and on Piers 1247
Fig. 55dd. Double-track-railway, Through, Pin-connected, Petit-truss Spans—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Span 1248
Fig. 55ee. Metal in Swing Spans in Percentages of Weights of Simple Spans of the same Total Length 1249
Fig. 55ff. Plate-girders with Riveted End-connections—Metal in One Girder 1250
Fig. 55gg. Through, Riveted, Pratt Trusses—Metal in One Truss 1251
Fig. 55hh. Through, Riveted, Petit Trusses—Metal in One Truss 1252
Fig. 55ii. Deck, Riveted, Pratt Trusses—Metal in One Truss 1253
Fig. 55jj. Light, Through, Riveted, Highway Trusses—Metal in One Truss 1254
Fig. 55kk. Through, Pin-connected, Pratt Trusses—Metal in One Truss 1255
Fig. 55ll. Through, Pin-connected, Petit Trusses—Metal in One Truss 1256
Fig. 55mm. Metal on Piers for Truss Spans 1257
Fig. 55nn. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type I—Metal in Girders and Girder Bracing 1258
Fig. 55oo. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type I—Economic Span Lengths 1259
Fig. 55pp. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type I—Metal in Longitudinal and Transverse Bracing of Towers 1260
Fig. 55qq. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type I—Metal in Columns of Towers 1261
Fig. 55rr. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type I—Total Metal in Trestles for Economic Layouts 1262
Fig. 55ss. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type I—Approximate Maximum Loads on Tops of Pedestals 1263
Fig. 55tt. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type II—Metal in Girders and Girder Bracing 1264
Fig. 55uu. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type II—Metal in One Bent 1265
Fig. 55vv. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type II—Metal in One Tower 1266
Fig. 55ww. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type II—Metal in Towers and Bents for Classes 40, 45, and 50 1267
Fig. 55xx. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type II—Metal in Towers and Bents for Classes 55 and 60 1268
Fig. 55yy. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type II—Metal in Towers and Bents for Classes 65 and 70 1269
Fig. 55zz. Single-track-railway Trestles, Type II—Span Lengths and Total Metal in Trestles for Economic Layouts 1270
Fig. 55bbb. Double-track-railway, Cantilever Bridges, Type A—Metal in Floor System, Laterals, and on Piers 1272
Fig. 55ccc. Double-track-railway, Riveted, Cantilever Bridges, Type A—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Bridge 1273
Fig. 55ddd. Double-track-railway, Pin-connected, Cantilever Bridges, Type A—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Bridge 1275
Fig. 55eee. Double-track-railway, Cantilever Bridges, Type B—Metal in Floor System, Laterals, and on Piers 1277
Fig. 55fff. Double-track-railway, Riveted, Cantilever Bridges, Type B—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Bridge 1278
Fig. 55ggg. Double-track-railway, Pin-connected, Cantilever Bridges, Type B—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Bridge 1279
Fig. 56hhh. Double-track-railway, Cantilever Bridges, Type C—Metal in Floor System, Laterals, and on Piers 1280
Fig. 55iii. Double-track-railway, Riveted, Cantilever Bridges, Type C—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Bridge 1281
Fig. 55jjj. Double-track-railway, Pin-connected, Cantilever Bridges, Type C—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Bridge 1282
Fig. 55kkk. Double-track-railway, Cantilever Bridges, Type D—Metal in Floor System, Laterals, and on Piers 1283
Fig. 55lll. Double-track-railway, Riveted, Cantilever Bridges, Type D—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Bridge 1284
Fig. 55mmm. Double-track-railway, Pin-connected, Cantilever Bridges, Type D—Metal in Trusses and Total Metal in Bridge 1285
CHAPTER LVI: QUANTITIES FOR PIERS, PEDESTALS, ABUTMENTS, RETAINING WALLS, AND REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES
Fig. 56a. Volumes of Copings and of Shafts of Piers with Vertical Sides 1301
Fig. 56b. Volumes of Truncated Cones Composed of Two Rounded Ends of Piers—Batter 1/2" to 1'0" 1302
Fig. 56c. Volumes of Truncated Cones Composed of Two Rounded Ends of Piers—Batter 1/2" to 1'0" 1303
Fig. 56d. Volumes of Strips One Foot Wide in Middle Portion of Round-ended Piers—Batter 1/2" to 1'0" 1304
Fig. 56e. Volumes of Truncated Cones Composed of Two Rounded Ends of Piers—Batter 3/4" to 1'0" 1305
Fig. 56f. Volumes of Truncated Cones Composed of Two Rounded Ends of Piers—Batter 3/4" to 1'0" 1306
Fig. 56g. Volumes of Strips One Foot Wide in Middle Portion of Round-ended Piers—Batter 3/4" to 1'0" 1307
Fig. 56h. Volumes of Truncated Cones Composed of Two Rounded Ends of Piers—Batter 1" to 1'0" 1308
Fig. 56i. Volumes of Truncated Cones Composed of Two Rounded Ends of Piers—Batter 1" to 1'0" 1309
Fig. 56j. Volumes of Strips One Foot Wide in Middle Portions of Round-ended Piers—Batter 1" to 1'0" 1310
Fig. 56k. Volumes of Pedestals 1311
Fig. 56l. Volumes of Pedestals 1312
Fig. 56m. Volumes of Pedestals 1313
Fig. 56o. Volumes of Portions of Wing Abutments above the Base for Single-track-railway Bridges 1315
Fig. 56p. Volumes of Bases of Wing Abutments for Single-track-railway Bridges 1316
Fig. 56q. Volumes of Strips One Foot Wide in Middle Portions of Wing Abutments for Railway Bridges 1317
Fig. 56r. Quantities of Concrete and Metal per Lineal Foot of Reinforced-concrete Retaining Walls 1318
Fig. 56s. Quantities of Concrete per Lineal Foot of Plain Concrete Retaining Walls 1319
Fig. 56t. Reinforced-concrete Bridges, Concrete and Steel in Floor System 1321
Fig. 56u. Reinforced-concrete Bridges, Percentage of Floor System in Slabs 1322
Fig. 56v. Reinforced-concrete Girder Bridges, Concrete and Steel in Main Girders 1223
Fig. 56w. Reinforced-concrete Girder Bridges, Depths of Girders and Footings. 1324
Fig. 56x. Reinforced-concrete Girder Bridges, Concrete in Columns 1326
Fig. 56y. Reinforced-concrete Girder Bridges, Steel in Columns 1327
Fig. 56z. Reinforced-concrete Girder Bridges, Concrete and Steel in Footings 1328
Fig. 56aa. Reinforced-concrete Arch Bridges, Concrete and Steel in Spandrel Girders and Columns 1329
Fig. 56bb. Reinforced-concrete Arch Bridges, Concrete and Steel in Spandrel Walls 1331
Fig. 56cc. Reinforced-concrete Arch Bridges, Concrete and Steel in Arch Ribs 1332
Fig. 56dd. Reinforced-concrete Arch Bridges, Concrete and Steel in Arch Barrels One Foot Wide 1333
Fig. 55ee. Reinforced-concrete Arch Bridges, Approximate Ratios of Volumes of Abutments and Average Piers 1341
Fig. 56ff. Reinforced-concrete Arch Bridges, Exponential Curves for Reduction Equations 1343
CHAPTER LVII: ESTIMATES
Fig. 57a. Cost of Materials in One Cubic Yard of 1:2:4 Concrete 1357
Fig. 57b. Cost of Materials in One Cubic Yard of 1:3:5 Concrete 1358