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Afar 105
Africa 49, 50, 63, 65, 74, 89, 105, 233, 247, 255, 309, 316, 321, 333, 337, 350, 367, 368, 374, 381, 400, 402, 411, 446, 453, 463, 464, 465, 476, 495, 531, 600, 603, 616, 634, 638, 693
Agricultural development 4, 17, 55, 83, 101, 147, 148, 171, 173, 180, 210, 212, 213, 262, 269, 270, 317, 338, 361, 454, 458, 459, 479, 503, 506, 535, 578, 595, 605, 607, 623, 627, 639, 694
Agricultural economics 140, 319, 462, 514
Agricultural equipment 219, 668
Agricultural intensification 5, 116, 415, 431, 639
Agricultural policy 74, 103, 112, 127, 258, 259, 283, 286, 294, 375, 420, 476, 556, 579, 603
Agricultural production 25, 43, 102, 126, 134, 161, 217, 278, 288, 324, 444, 473, 479, 569, 592, 601, 605, 642, 695, 700, 720
Agricultural research 27, 28, 83, 161, 167, 191, 224, 232, 299, 362, 368, 410, 481, 605, 639, 649, 718
Agro-ecosystems 118, 161, 221, 222, 223, 232, 244, 266, 336, 378, 549, 551, 600, 649, 700
Agroforestry 10, 50, 56, 70, 98, 101, 118, 123, 157, 255, 292, 301, 308, 351, 352, 442, 508, 510, 563, 621
Agropastoralism 48, 76, 77, 94, 105, 108, 111, 113, 121, 125, 128, 132, 133, 153, 155, 159, 177, 185, 197, 206, 207, 212, 219, 242, 243, 250, 256, 265, 278, 281, 282, 287, 288, 313, 316, 316, 324, 351, 354, 367, 368, 383, 386, 387, 399, 400, 410, 415, 418, 442, 455, 463, 495, 500, 509, 517, 539, 568, 569, 578, 583, 587, 588, 627, 637, 667, 668, 703, 704, 719, 720
Algeria 18, 104, 106, 108, 263, 283, 512, 572, 605
Animal husbandry 4, 16, 21, 22, 27, 28, 43, 48, 52, 76, 79, 86, 87, 92, 93, 96, 99, 101, 109, 110, 111, 116, 117, 128, 129, 133, 142, 153, 147, 151, 176, 185, 197, 201, 206, 212, 214, 217, 220, 226, 234, 237, 243, 244, 252, 253, 256, 258, 259, 261, 264, 265, 278, 282, 286, 287, 290, 320, 324, 334, 340, 349, 350, 355, 356, 368, 376, 377, 383, 386, 387, 388, 393, 410, 413, 418, 419, 428, 429, 441, 442, 444, 463, 466, 480, 481, 493, 496, 502, 507, 522, 531, 538, 541, 552, 555, 569, 573, 579, 583, 588, 592, 600, 608, 621, 627, 628, 636, 637, 642, 651, 657, 666, 667, 668, 670, 680, 682, 691, 692, 696, 697, 698, 700, 702
Animal production 117, 201, 265, 278, 324, 569, 635, 642, 703
Animal traction 219, 220, 278, 288, 324, 386, 410, 668
Aribinda 282
Atacora 719
Bantou 105
Banyun 597
Baoule 413
Bariba 719
Bella 419
Benin 35, 82, 83, 115, 188, 285, 287, 442, 443, 567, 719
Berti 583
Bibliography 6, 8, 27, 28, 80, 89, 102, 155, 169, 174, 187, 239, 248, 300, 329, 337, 343, 361, 389, 514, 600, 708
Biomass production 16, 55, 62, 63, 64, 81, 117, 157, 159, 161, 209, 222, 266, 287, 446, 546, 565, 603, 604, 621, 639, 645, 670, 705, 713
Borana 90
Botswana 57, 64, 452, 496, 583, 604, 708
Bureaucracy 26
Burkina Faso 26, 29, 30, 37, 38, 53, 85, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 101, 106, 111, 112, 113, 120, 121, 123, 146, 151, 153, 155, 172, 175, 184, 185, 188, 190, 199, 217, 219, 231, 232, 265, 268, 272, 275, 278, 281, 282, 301, 303, 318, 319, 324, 325, 330, 336, 347, 351, 352, 354, 365, 371, 372, 380, 387, 389, 393, 401, 410, 420, 423, 438, 439, 441, 447, 449, 448, 456, 470, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 494, 499, 511, 517, 526, 535, 536, 542, 548, 551, 552, 554, 557, 559, 563, 567, 571, 621, 627, 644, 646, 649, 651, 656, 690, 708, 711, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718
Cameroon 6, 35, 40, 66, 113, 115, 124, 137, 211, 215, 220, 380, 442, 502, 509, 507, 554, 594, 690
Cape Verde 152, 175, 182, 325, 447, 449
Cattle 21, 33, 58, 91, 103, 112, 113, 116, 136, 153, 197, 205, 212, 226, 237, 242, 256, 265, 278, 324, 329, 386, 387, 410, 415, 441, 493, 505, 556, 567, 569, 635, 657, 663, 673, 674
Central Africa 15, 294, 433, 698
Cereals 22, 90, 202, 206, 244, 387, 419, 453, 569, 572, 605, 642, 698, 714
Chad 22, 26, 32, 44, 57, 61, 95, 113, 115, 128, 129, 150, 152, 162, 175, 186, 201, 226, 251, 254, 303, 312, 328, 420, 468, 477, 641, 689, 705, 712
Circular migration 198, 332, 456
Civil war 106, 230, 251, 322, 346, 407, 424, 425, 512, 528, 580
Climate 12, 16, 362, 409, 436, 699
Climate variability 9, 12, 61, 117, 145, 180, 207, 233, 285, 293, 301, 327, 362, 446, 473, 551, 624, 625, 640, 670
Colonialism 163, 254, 257, 393, 409, 493
Commercialization 134, 197, 201, 258, 265, 324, 334, 387, 505, 569, 616
Common property 136, 181, 237, 270, 306, 333, 355, 369, 370, 382, 435, 451, 503, 611, 653, 683, 701
Communication 39, 362, 368, 443, 545, 555, 618, 711
Community development 122, 161, 195, 245, 308, 310, 347, 382, 438, 460, 463, 511, 619, 633
Community participation 26, 30, 53, 274, 450, 681, 706
Consumption patterns 469
Coping strategy 310, 453, 560, 629
Coppicing 510
Côte d'Ivoire 52, 66, 153, 265, 272, 324, 387, 506, 642
Credit 124, 197, 270, 294, 458, 475, 496, 541, 642
Cropping systems 5, 17, 50, 55, 56, 59, 71, 76, 90, 101, 118, 119, 155, 185, 206, 212, 219, 220, 221, 222, 256, 258, 260, 265, 278, 281, 288, 294, 318, 336, 351, 362, 368, 383, 398, 400, 410, 419, 439, 455, 487, 507, 508, 510, 538, 542, 543, 564, 607, 657, 667, 707, 720
Culture 76, 108, 132, 163, 226, 257, 361, 467, 574, 687, 721
Customary law 37, 44, 50, 57, 83, 125, 136, 143, 170, 194, 200, 277, 301, 303, 344, 373, 374, 379, 420, 501, 570, 572, 576, 589, 592, 597, 640, 655, 683, 688, 701, 717
Dairy farming 134, 201, 324, 610, 616
Decentralization 40, 68, 109, 146, 151, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 171, 177, 182, 187, 193, 195, 200, 229, 240, 270, 289, 290, 291, 304, 305, 342, 343, 359, 363, 380, 421, 477, 520, 559, 566, 633, 642, 651, 652, 654, 669, 680, 682, 683, 701, 706, 711
Decision making 14, 68, 91, 124, 167, 187, 207, 229, 402, 463, 549, 649
Deforestation 67, 305, 402, 422, 563, 581, 666, 713
Democratization 108, 109, 110, 200, 394, 433
Demography 13, 41, 74, 77, 96, 108, 161, 164, 266, 282, 307, 325, 340, 348, 361, 362, 415, 425, 459, 481, 535, 542, 551, 557, 589, 602, 606, 622, 623, 632, 638, 647, 674, 699, 713
Development 3, 17, 26, 239, 240, 250, 316, 364, 411, 440, 471, 566, 623, 705
Development agencies 26, 30, 101, 146, 164, 165, 166, 218, 303, 317, 420, 477, 497, 499, 557, 569, 633
Development policy 4, 9, 13, 14, 46, 57, 60, 62, 96, 105, 119, 126, 127, 143, 147, 164, 183, 210, 216, 230, 245, 259, 262, 265, 279, 286, 297, 310, 321, 327, 335, 344, 359, 360, 375, 409, 412, 415, 421, 435, 489, 497, 503, 505, 511, 528, 532, 565, 578, 579, 580, 603, 615, 619, 625, 629, 631, 638, 639, 650, 661, 685, 698
Development projects 29, 46, 58, 87, 93, 111, 112, 128, 138, 139, 152, 175, 178, 196, 197, 201, 204, 208, 261, 301, 308, 350, 360, 372, 397, 401, 403, 437, 443, 445, 453, 463, 475, 477, 489, 499, 507, 508, 510, 511, 525, 532, 547, 554, 567, 578, 579, 591, 592, 599, 608, 620, 682, 685, 691, 711, 719
Diola 597
Disarmament 357
Dosso 720
Drought 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 26, 32, 54, 77, 90, 106, 110, 112, 113, 119, 130, 132, 133, 134, 148, 153, 180, 206, 208, 217, 218, 228, 230, 236, 237, 246, 250, 252, 260, 261, 263, 293, 295, 301, 318, 321, 327, 329, 336, 339, 353, 362, 376, 402, 407, 409, 414, 419, 437, 445, 453, 476, 492, 503, 505, 527, 534, 540, 551, 552, 560, 565, 569, 588, 598, 603, 604, 624, 625, 628, 632, 634, 642, 650, 651, 661, 663, 698, 699, 710
Dry season 55, 144, 287, 538, 610
Drylands 4, 17, 50, 58, 60, 62, 89, 112, 113, 118, 121, 123, 132, 148, 153, 155, 164, 165, 179, 189, 194, 198, 207, 212, 233, 239, 250, 255, 259, 260, 276, 283, 310, 311, 332, 340, 350, 376, 397, 409, 415, 454, 456, 463, 464, 465, 503, 509, 513, 531, 540, 546, 552, 555, 561, 597, 580, 603, 605, 609, 619, 630, 639, 655, 662, 670, 676, 690, 707, 708, 713, 714
East Africa 50, 249, 320, 331, 370, 454, 523
East-Pokot 546
Ecological balance 99, 477, 576, 651
Ecological change 268
Ecological crisis 112, 131, 133, 205, 230, 317, 476, 580
Ecological degradation 53, 263, 268, 327, 333, 365, 389, 402, 409, 475, 502, 603, 604, 626
Ecological dynamics 14, 55, 61, 64, 65, 88, 112, 127, 133, 148, 175, 221, 222, 247, 261, 266, 281, 301, 310, 318, 327, 328, 350, 362, 382, 398, 409, 414, 466, 471, 477, 502, 508, 529, 530, 542, 551, 561, 565, 573, 580, 598, 607, 645, 651, 670, 672, 682, 699
Ecology 23, 24, 35, 62, 63, 64, 65, 110, 135, 189, 204, 227, 249, 259, 268, 271, 287, 309, 317, 328, 423, 456, 467, 476, 482, 503, 572, 594, 604, 663, 671, 694
Economic change 48, 74, 85, 111, 126, 153, 155, 176, 196, 246, 256, 260, 262, 266, 273, 278, 283, 322, 324, 361, 373, 386, 412, 418, 452, 477, 514, 522, 541, 542, 589, 605, 623, 679, 695, 720
Economic institution 237
Economic integration 6, 21, 166, 235, 493, 623
Economic policy 31, 319, 334, 405, 412
Economic position 211
Economic research 319, 353, 435, 565
Economics 15, 17, 73, 81, 96, 122, 124, 125, 140, 203, 216, 236, 254, 265, 311, 319, 325, 360, 382, 403, 405, 412, 446, 459, 461, 480, 489, 503, 513, 546, 587, 623, 631, 694, 718
Ecosystems 2, 16, 119, 127, 378, 403, 466, 510, 555, 580, 603, 705
Education 148, 164, 198, 230, 234, 245, 361, 364, 404, 562
Egypt 362
Environment 55, 62, 65, 71, 102, 109, 119, 132, 136, 185, 252, 268, 269, 273, 284, 289, 328, 332, 376, 408, 414, 420, 442, 443, 474, 489, 522, 525, 545, 546, 551, 559, 568, 572, 578, 625, 632, 642, 663, 673, 674, 676, 716
Environmental degradation 1, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 48, 62, 64, 68, 84, 126, 216, 233, 239, 250, 256, 259, 268, 284, 287, 293, 296, 309, 317, 327, 352, 355, 365, 369, 381, 386, 409, 422, 423, 441, 454, 457, 474, 476, 477, 487, 502, 513, 535, 542, 552, 560, 563, 571, 589, 591, 603, 606, 612, 625, 630, 651, 663, 664, 673, 701
Environmental impact 8, 389, 474, 480, 507, 565
Environmental management 39, 53, 84, 89, 115, 135, 147, 149, 204, 274, 363, 397, 456, 457, 465, 525, 563, 565, 629, 659, 677, 706
Environmental policy 4, 26, 40, 97, 148, 151, 187, 189, 190, 215, 247, 271, 273, 279, 289, 304, 343, 355, 358, 372, 381, 405, 408, 447, 449, 482, 511, 522, 572, 615, 655, 661, 662, 677, 700, 708, 710, 716
Erosion 55, 203, 239, 284, 294, 301, 327, 345, 381, 402, 422, 470, 511, 515
Ethiopia 22, 57, 58, 62, 64, 90, 111, 112, 254, 263, 315, 424, 554, 583, 604, 695, 708
Ethnic conflict 120, 137, 163, 285, 320, 346, 488, 584
Ethnic identity 34, 74, 82, 106, 163, 478, 686
Ethnicity 120, 137, 149, 318, 322, 346, 355, 357, 360, 406, 436, 478, 526, 582, 584, 590, 670, 686, 703, 721
Ethnography 35, 48, 75, 96, 106, 108, 134, 226, 257, 281, 283, 347, 492, 569
Eucalyptus 555
Extension 30, 39, 49, 87, 109, 196, 232, 391, 404, 443, 458, 485, 541, 618
Faidherbia albida 555
Fallow 118, 159, 268, 313, 351, 354, 383, 508, 548, 701
Famine 1, 32, 145, 180, 217, 230, 236, 246, 250, 353, 423, 424, 425, 437, 516, 540, 560, 628, 695, 696, 698
Farmer associations 128, 146, 167, 186, 195, 347, 358, 380, 406, 485, 633
Farmer-herder relations 48, 88, 111, 120, 153, 155, 185, 197, 219, 256, 265, 277, 278, 282, 285, 287, 288, 320, 321, 324, 356, 368, 383, 386, 387, 410, 418, 430, 461, 538, 568, 569, 667, 668, 691, 720
Farmers 22, 48, 57, 71, 72, 78, 85, 99, 119, 124, 127, 135, 136, 139, 154, 178, 185, 191, 220, 232, 234, 236, 241, 244, 250, 268, 277, 278, 284, 287, 294, 321, 345, 354, 368, 379, 386, 388, 389, 419, 430, 470, 472, 489, 501, 505, 506, 507, 542, 545, 554, 568, 588, 596, 618, 639, 691, 696, 705, 709
Farming systems 17, 23, 25, 56, 58, 59, 84, 86, 93, 99, 101, 120, 121, 123, 139, 155, 161, 167, 183, 191, 198, 203, 212, 221, 222, 242, 255, 260, 278, 281, 285, 287, 294, 313, 318, 320, 356, 365, 367, 377, 383, 391, 393, 428, 441, 455, 457, 464, 470, 481, 487, 529, 530, 535, 542, 546, 549, 550, 561, 567, 580, 602, 621, 627, 637, 639, 657, 661, 668, 691, 693, 700, 704, 707, 720
Feed concentrates 569
Fertilizers 116, 232, 244, 256, 282, 294, 367, 368, 639
Fisheries 85, 101, 151, 161, 296, 306, 442, 477, 543, 605
Foggara 283
Food 38, 90, 144, 174, 263, 311, 329, 376, 415, 473, 540, 578, 598, 715
Food security 25, 37, 154, 172, 246, 310, 434, 462, 473, 545, 580, 589, 614, 656, 695, 698
Forage 2, 33, 77, 91, 117, 159, 220, 253, 292, 301, 313, 327, 435, 441, 464, 496, 501, 502, 510, 524, 527, 555, 556, 569, 608, 643
Forest ecology 2, 118, 301, 403
Forest management 31, 39, 122, 151, 169, 195, 301, 305, 335, 358, 403, 404, 405, 442, 464, 489, 508, 510
Forest ownership 122, 248, 308
Forest research 507
Forest resources 2, 31, 70, 229, 238, 301, 489, 510
Forestry 4, 39, 49, 58, 70, 71, 81, 85, 93, 98, 101, 118, 122, 169, 175, 189, 229, 248, 267, 285, 292, 306, 308, 351, 380, 381, 403, 404, 405, 443, 463, 475, 477, 489, 507, 508, 510, 522, 555, 558, 559, 568, 595, 599, 611, 621
Forestry code 568
Fuelwood 31, 67, 70, 150, 229, 238, 291, 301, 403, 482, 508, 510, 581, 612, 713
Fulani 6, 34, 35, 48, 52, 57, 74, 77, 82, 88, 90, 92, 96, 112, 113, 114, 120, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 226, 234, 243, 258, 281, 282, 284, 286, 307, 318, 339, 340, 349, 367, 413, 418, 419, 424, 445, 478, 496, 501, 517, 527, 556, 569, 579, 582, 584, 585, 586, 587, 592, 595, 597, 610, 613, 635, 643, 663, 672, 673, 681, 685, 686, 691, 697, 704, 714, 719, 721
Fulbe 6, 34, 35, 48, 52, 57, 74, 77, 82, 88, 90, 92, 96, 112, 113, 114, 120, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 226, 234, 243, 258, 281, 282, 284, 286, 307, 318, 339, 340, 349, 367, 413, 418, 419, 424, 445, 478, 496, 501, 517, 527, 556, 569, 579, 582, 584, 585, 586, 587, 592, 595, 597, 610, 613, 635, 643, 663, 672, 673, 685, 686, 691, 697, 704, 714, 719, 721
Future prospects 164, 166, 173, 262, 315, 452, 459, 497, 699
Gambia 45, 115, 138, 139, 152, 175, 245, 303, 420, 458, 597, 599
Gao 426
Gaoube 419
Gbaya 137
Gender 3, 7, 43, 50, 135, 138, 162, 201, 211, 337, 364, 382, 447, 449, 455, 457, 518, 519, 571, 612, 615, 674, 687, 703
Geomorphology 671
Gourara 283
Gourmantché 517
Grazing 2, 33, 39, 50, 55, 63, 65, 157, 177, 242, 244, 258, 259, 287, 299, 327, 338, 352, 354, 376, 378, 445, 461, 464, 476, 481, 502, 508, 510, 513, 524, 561, 576, 587, 601, 602, 606, 645, 655, 663, 664, 670, 671, 680, 682, 705, 712
Grazing lands 12, 16, 49, 58, 62, 64, 78, 86, 88, 90, 103, 109, 110, 111, 116, 117, 142, 157, 159, 209, 252, 261, 282, 292, 317, 340, 350, 355, 369, 418, 420, 426, 435, 441, 452, 465, 476, 481, 487, 502, 508, 524, 546, 552, 555, 568, 569, 572, 579, 583, 588, 595, 596, 600, 606, 608, 619, 621, 630, 642, 643, 653, 655, 671, 672, 673, 700, 701, 705, 712
Haalpulaar'en 384
Hayre 131
Health 25, 164, 230, 307, 325, 361, 540, 660
Herder-farmer relations 88, 120, 277, 285, 320, 321, 356, 383, 410, 461, 691
Herders 52, 78, 234, 370, 414, 419, 421, 596, 624, 673
Herds 21, 145, 234, 259, 329, 441, 572, 661, 663, 673, 674
History 22, 75, 80, 110, 120, 132, 163, 180, 182, 202, 211, 254, 252, 257, 281, 317, 322, 349, 376, 382, 385, 436, 516, 526, 554, 574, 628, 674, 672, 694, 698
Horn of Africa 213, 250, 310, 424, 425, 516, 609, 629
Horticulture 281, 430, 458, 582, 605, 668
Households 25, 29, 44, 126, 145, 198, 226, 258, 353, 414, 430, 456, 472, 493, 536, 540, 549, 560, 571, 584, 610, 618, 627, 635, 657, 660, 673, 674, 695, 713
Human geography 36, 51, 119, 250, 257, 382, 589, 674, 720
Humanitarian aid 18, 41, 230, 516, 622
Ideology 11, 89, 106, 132, 130, 241, 478, 674
Income distribution 25, 52, 60, 67, 95, 124, 139, 144, 180, 198, 236, 242, 246, 278, 458, 480, 489, 493, 536, 545, 560, 571, 610, 612, 627, 635, 639, 660, 703, 714, 718
Indigenous knowledge 50, 70, 79, 81, 147, 208, 224, 225, 315, 345, 363, 365, 366, 389, 404, 415, 445, 463, 465, 509, 519, 554, 555, 590, 625, 638, 649, 689, 690, 712
Infrastructure 13, 29, 71, 144, 145, 154, 218, 240, 458, 502, 668
Innovations 23, 30, 42, 55, 101, 102, 111, 305, 339, 340, 377, 391, 470, 536, 618, 640
Institution building 39, 47, 229, 270, 290, 342, 450, 602, 608, 633, 651, 679, 680, 683
Institutional change 140
Institutional co-operation 651, 652
Institutional infrastructure 450
Institutional innovation 195, 462, 718
Institutionalization 504
Institutions 15, 26, 60, 124, 131, 196, 229, 233, 291, 305, 331, 417, 489, 559, 565, 582, 608, 632, 661, 683, 687, 701, 709, 718
Intensification 101, 242, 268, 548, 606
International co-operation 197, 213, 273, 279, 361
International conflicts 213, 309, 584, 586
International economy 21, 166, 489
Investment behaviour 124, 431, 673, 718
Irrigation 55, 66, 71, 85, 87, 101, 111, 138, 153, 218, 255, 272, 291, 356, 376, 381, 408, 409, 430, 431, 439, 453, 470, 471, 472, 502, 543, 587, 593, 605, 643
Kenya 57, 58, 62, 109, 189, 215, 263, 264, 310, 349, 424, 496, 546, 611, 615, 673, 714
Kita 336
Labour migration 121, 144, 198, 623
Land appropriation 557
Land improvement 17, 25, 103, 136, 161, 216, 239, 268, 352, 375, 405, 711
Land management 12, 46, 65, 86, 93, 99, 111, 120, 165, 184, 187, 193, 195, 196, 203, 221, 256, 276, 301, 335, 380, 389, 409, 442, 451, 469, 499, 546, 565, 601, 602, 626, 641, 660, 678, 683, 692, 693, 701, 711
Land policy 184, 375, 379, 433, 452
Land reform 85, 184, 269, 348, 373, 385, 557
Land tenure 36, 37, 40, 44, 46, 47, 57, 83, 99, 120, 121, 124, 132, 136, 143, 149, 153, 165, 170, 171, 181, 184, 193, 194, 200, 206, 238, 241, 243, 248, 258, 269, 272, 277, 279, 281, 301, 303, 304, 305, 318, 323, 338, 341, 344, 348, 355, 356, 364, 369, 370, 371, 372, 375, 379, 380, 384, 385, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 406, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 442, 450, 451, 491, 492, 501, 514, 525, 538, 542, 557, 566, 570, 576, 593, 595, 602, 605, 609, 611, 621, 644, 646, 652, 655, 656, 659, 669, 682, 683, 688, 709, 717, 719
Land tenure regime 85, 109, 111, 282, 373, 374, 428, 452, 568, 589, 720
Land use 8, 12, 16, 17, 51, 60, 65, 71, 81, 83, 85, 98, 116, 118, 121, 122, 127, 135, 153, 159, 180, 221, 222, 223, 244, 248, 250, 274, 278, 296, 308, 319, 326, 373, 376, 381, 391, 402, 404, 405, 409, 454, 466, 469, 470, 472, 476, 479, 510, 535, 536, 542, 543, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 570, 594, 598, 602, 604, 621, 637, 639, 655, 662, 664, 665, 672, 674, 675, 677, 678, 692, 693, 705, 708, 712, 717
Land use planning 161, 221, 222, 391, 708
Legislation 47, 50, 136, 143, 168, 197, 229, 269, 304, 305, 380, 393, 395, 421, 451, 559, 602, 636, 642, 680, 682, 683
Lesotho 39
Livelihood 3, 11, 43, 79, 105, 126, 162, 211, 247, 257, 295, 329, 364, 402, 437, 499, 519, 648
Livestock 2, 34, 35, 55, 58, 62, 64, 99, 101, 103, 123, 129, 155, 259, 261, 292, 329, 354, 367, 400, 473, 476, 513, 529, 530, 567, 587, 603, 604, 616, 632, 661, 664, 671, 699, 712
Livestock marketing 15, 21, 176, 202, 235, 236, 258, 302, 349, 569, 603, 714
Livestock production 92, 103, 116, 242, 258, 552, 624, 702
Local government 39, 53, 68, 109, 165, 231, 240, 258, 283, 330, 342, 380, 395, 432, 483, 494, 559, 568, 653, 669, 681, 684
Local institutions 39, 46, 53, 165, 243, 275, 277, 330, 335, 341, 355, 358, 363, 372, 380, 382, 393, 451, 468, 471, 477, 483, 682
Local management 40, 46, 47, 187, 193, 243, 290, 301, 305, 335, 365, 366, 372, 395, 416, 422, 448, 451, 471, 499, 500, 508, 643, 652, 656, 708
Local organizations 90, 363, 701
Madagascar 85
Malawi 7
Mali 23, 26, 28, 32, 35, 39, 40, 41, 47, 58, 64, 66, 67, 68, 75, 81, 96, 101, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 115, 117, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151, 153, 155, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 199, 200, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 212, 223, 232, 241, 243, 246, 264, 265, 275, 288, 290, 291, 295, 296, 303, 304, 305, 306, 312, 319, 324, 325, 329, 335, 336, 345, 346, 357, 358, 360, 372, 380, 387, 405, 406, 407, 408, 412, 413, 418, 420, 423, 424, 426, 430, 431, 437, 439, 442, 447, 448, 449, 451, 452, 456, 469, 499, 501, 511, 512, 520, 526, 528, 533, 538, 539, 540, 542, 553, 554, 563, 567, 568, 571, 583, 589, 592, 604, 607, 608, 613, 614, 617, 618, 627, 633, 639, 652, 653, 654, 656, 657, 668, 669, 671, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 687, 705, 708, 709, 711
Manding 138
Marginalization 112, 113, 230, 233, 284, 360, 363, 424
Marketing 296, 403, 458, 601, 610
Mauritania 26, 41, 96, 101, 109, 123, 162, 163, 212, 217, 267, 269, 272, 273, 303, 325, 332, 336, 384, 385, 420, 447, 448, 449, 491, 492, 493, 503, 522, 541, 542, 552, 553, 563, 584, 585, 586, 592, 593, 608, 656, 679, 680, 682, 683, 688
Methodology 23, 46, 53, 65, 93, 111, 159, 163, 195, 196, 242, 243, 275, 279, 312, 345, 354, 367, 391, 400, 454, 479, 499, 509, 525, 544, 549, 550, 555, 560, 563, 602, 615, 664, 718, 720
Migration 13, 14, 24, 32, 41, 74, 77, 84, 96, 108, 110, 119, 121, 126, 144, 158, 190, 198, 217, 218, 230, 238, 268, 279, 318, 332, 340, 360, 362, 365, 371, 437, 446, 448, 455, 456, 498, 502, 505, 507, 521, 528, 534, 540, 542, 546, 551, 571, 585, 622, 623, 636, 640, 642, 660, 697, 713, 720
Mixed farming 59, 88, 145, 220, 244, 367, 398, 400, 410, 481, 627, 672, 704
Models 17, 58, 64, 91, 161, 191, 207, 261, 290, 350, 435, 469, 481, 565, 657, 670
Mokko 720
Monitoring and evaluation 5, 15, 23, 29, 123, 164, 195, 261, 275, 316, 352, 397, 475, 525, 540, 608, 620, 625, 652, 701
Morocco 263
Mossi 37, 38, 120, 217, 268, 281, 284, 318, 365, 401
Mozambique 7
Mundari 496
Nationalization 452
Natural regeneration 313, 354, 464, 606
Natural resource management 4, 10, 13, 14, 17, 23, 25, 36, 40, 46, 47, 50, 53, 58, 59, 65, 67, 68, 81, 84, 86, 89, 93, 112, 115, 120, 122, 123, 132, 148, 149, 151, 161, 165, 168, 170, 174, 177, 181, 182, 187, 188, 190, 192, 195, 196, 200, 207, 210, 212, 216, 219, 220, 223, 229, 231, 238, 241, 243, 260, 261, 267, 269, 270, 273, 281, 286, 289, 291, 299, 300, 303, 304, 305, 314, 315, 317, 318, 321, 333, 335, 338, 339, 341, 343, 351, 352, 355, 356, 358, 361, 369, 372, 375, 381, 382, 387, 391, 393, 405, 413, 415, 416, 417, 420, 421, 422, 425, 428, 435, 442, 443, 445, 448, 451, 456, 463, 465, 477, 482, 484, 486, 499, 500, 502, 506, 508, 509, 511, 520, 522, 531, 541, 545, 549, 550, 552, 554, 559, 560, 563, 565, 568, 571, 581, 589, 597, 600, 602, 606, 607, 608, 614, 615, 620, 626, 629, 640, 645, 651, 652, 653, 655, 656, 658, 660, 662, 666, 670, 679, 680, 682, 683, 691, 700, 701, 703, 706, 708, 711, 715, 716, 719
Natural resources 2, 67, 122, 123, 132, 175, 185, 191, 210, 214, 227, 229, 268, 274, 291, 306, 314, 348, 374, 388, 389, 397, 408, 432, 456, 489, 541, 646, 658, 660, 662, 664, 677, 716
Nature conservation 107, 161, 216, 247, 292, 335, 358, 405, 464, 522, 672, 708
Niger 2, 11, 22, 23, 26, 27, 31, 35, 37, 41, 43, 48, 57, 58, 66, 75, 76, 77, 83, 101, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 122, 123, 146, 152, 153, 155, 162, 163, 172, 175, 176, 187, 197, 202, 208, 212, 215, 217, 226, 229, 232, 235, 236, 237, 252, 260, 264, 288, 289, 292, 298, 301, 303, 325, 336, 342, 349, 353, 359, 360, 366, 372, 379, 380, 392, 394, 395, 396, 398, 403, 418, 419, 420, 422, 423, 439, 440, 443, 444, 447, 448, 461, 472, 498, 499, 508, 510, 511, 526, 537, 542, 543, 544, 552, 554, 556, 563, 564, 568, 574, 575, 583, 590, 591, 592, 607, 608, 611, 613, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 632, 642, 643, 644, 646, 647, 654, 656, 672, 674, 679, 680, 682, 683, 690, 696, 697, 698, 700, 703, 705, 708, 711, 715, 720
Niger inland delta 418
Nigeria 5, 6, 35, 58, 88, 90, 113, 176, 234, 236, 258, 259, 349, 440, 442, 445, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 496, 554, 567, 579, 601, 610, 615, 685, 686, 690, 691, 705
Nomadism 17, 22, 24, 37, 49, 55, 57, 59, 60, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 96, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 124, 127, 129, 141, 142, 160, 163, 211, 226, 249, 251, 253, 254, 257, 259, 267, 320, 329, 333, 337, 338, 349, 360, 378, 399, 411, 429, 463, 476, 492, 493, 502, 526, 527, 532, 553, 556, 567, 572, 574, 576, 583, 603, 600, 606, 628, 634, 636, 637, 664, 666, 693, 695, 696, 698, 702, 704, 712
Nomads 6, 24, 73, 234, 253, 264, 311, 337, 388, 407, 488, 493, 516, 546, 553, 577, 692, 714
Nongovernmental organizations 30, 146, 183, 218, 390, 412, 468, 483, 484, 495, 499, 533, 620, 652, 716
North Africa 222, 228, 362, 555
Nuer 322
Nuni 318
Nutrients 33, 116, 223, 244, 539, 671
Nutrition 25, 32, 33, 41, 96, 273, 307, 329, 364, 469, 545, 628, 695
Oasis 44, 212, 260, 283, 376, 573, 605
Organic fertilizers 48, 206, 244, 367, 368, 410, 461
Overexploitation 12, 216, 239, 293, 422, 474
Overgrazing 55, 354, 422, 552, 565, 591, 670, 673, 682
Participation 14, 20, 39, 42, 45, 50, 66, 93, 122, 127, 147, 148, 152, 154, 167, 179, 180, 186, 191, 192, 195, 200, 204, 215, 238, 270, 275, 276, 279, 280, 303, 312, 342, 360, 363, 401, 420, 438, 460, 468, 483, 489, 494, 499, 504, 510, 533, 547, 558, 559, 563, 594, 599, 610, 619, 633, 672, 677, 684, 692, 693
Participative management 229, 677
Participatory development 380, 489, 672
Pastoral associations 128, 147, 261, 427, 569, 608, 683, 680
Pastoral economy 21, 43, 48, 71, 74, 82, 85, 96, 110, 111, 134, 197, 226, 252, 254, 258, 260, 282, 288, 302, 324, 329, 340, 430, 452, 487, 493, 527, 542, 555, 569, 600, 632, 635, 679, 703
Pastoral societies 49, 73, 89, 94, 96, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 133, 134, 141, 142, 205, 226, 249, 254, 285, 331, 337, 339, 360, 379, 465, 493, 532, 600, 698
Pastoral strategies 77, 476, 624
Pastoral systems 551, 577, 601
Pastoralism 2, 6, 13, 17, 21, 22, 35, 43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68, 71, 74, 79, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 116, 117, 120, 123, 124, 127, 129, 134, 136, 145, 148, 149, 157, 176, 177, 180, 183, 197, 202, 203, 205, 206, 208, 211, 212, 226, 234, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 260, 261, 264, 278, 281, 282, 285, 286, 288, 292, 301, 306, 307, 310, 314, 315, 316, 317, 320, 324, 327, 331, 332, 337, 338, 339, 340, 349, 350, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 369, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 393, 398, 399, 406, 407, 411, 413, 414, 420, 424, 426, 429, 430, 441, 445, 446, 452, 453, 457, 461, 463, 464, 465, 476, 480, 481, 487, 488, 493, 495, 497, 501, 502, 505, 516, 521, 527, 531, 532, 540, 542, 546, 556, 560, 561, 565, 566, 567, 569, 576, 579, 583, 587, 589, 590, 591, 592, 603, 600, 602, 604, 606, 608, 616, 632, 636, 637, 638, 641, 646, 647, 643, 645, 661, 665, 666, 670, 673, 676, 679, 682, 689, 691, 695, 696, 700, 702, 704, 705, 712, 714
Pastoralists 6, 48, 55, 65, 72, 85, 112, 113, 131, 132, 141, 142, 183, 185, 205, 209, 214, 236, 237, 259, 278, 284, 287, 332, 356, 387, 411, 414, 418, 419, 424, 428, 430, 435, 453, 455, 464, 496, 500, 505, 523, 543, 546, 569, 572, 578, 594, 595, 602, 625, 634, 636, 642, 645, 647, 664, 693, 697, 705, 714
Peace keeping 526
Peace treaty 526
Policy 23, 24, 26, 53, 58, 62, 63, 64, 67, 103, 119, 124, 127, 139, 147, 148, 177, 183, 184, 189, 229, 230, 232, 233, 238, 241, 244, 247, 250, 252, 258, 259, 270, 294, 310, 321, 342, 353, 360, 375, 438, 453, 463, 472, 476, 483, 499, 504, 518, 525, 526, 565, 579, 601, 603, 604, 615, 629, 634, 639, 658, 660, 661, 664, 666, 680, 686, 698, 701, 708, 713
Political conflict 230, 322, 338, 346, 357, 360, 424, 575, 580, 629, 672
Political ecology 99, 317, 382, 503, 674
Political institution 477, 651
Political violence 322, 425, 488
Politics 13, 35, 72, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 130, 137, 160, 163, 216, 227, 241, 252, 258, 260, 289, 309, 358, 373, 395, 407, 418, 420, 501, 512, 574, 575, 582, 628, 643, 681, 716
Post-conflict situation 18, 468, 528
Poverty 25, 34, 45, 57, 131, 180, 205, 246, 247, 297, 355, 360, 402, 407, 425, 446, 612, 675, 687, 697, 696
Prices 136, 236, 238, 353, 632, 661, 696
Primary school 438
Privatization 57, 142, 412, 452, 602
Production systems 154, 155, 283, 296, 313, 387, 415, 517, 564, 578, 635
Productivity 45, 116, 128, 139, 206, 242, 244, 259, 291, 299, 313, 524, 615, 639, 649, 666, 674, 678
Property relations 34, 57, 87, 124, 132, 136, 141, 205, 316, 341, 379, 636, 674, 681
Psychiatry 284
Public service 109, 270, 290, 380, 568, 652
Puguli 365
Pygmy 105
Range ecology 33, 63, 157, 244, 286, 299, 327, 350, 378, 502, 555, 565, 604, 645, 670, 672
Range management 4, 39, 62, 63, 64, 65, 91, 103, 109, 147, 149, 177, 183, 208, 209, 212, 261, 298, 299, 313, 315, 327, 338, 350, 355, 369, 381, 435, 453, 463, 464, 465, 466, 487, 496, 502, 513, 524, 546, 555, 561, 565, 587, 591, 602, 603, 604, 608, 630, 638, 645, 666, 670, 673, 680, 712
Refugees 7, 18, 24, 41, 51, 84, 230, 360, 407, 475, 512, 528, 540, 553, 584, 586, 622
Regional development 126, 147, 184, 343, 588
Research 23, 93, 102, 199, 307, 354, 363, 501, 547, 675, 720
Resource conflict 13, 14, 50, 89, 125, 149, 177, 233, 234, 300, 320, 321, 393, 396, 425, 451, 576, 680
Resource depletion 89, 116, 332
Rigaibat 332
Risk 55, 124, 125, 207, 233, 236, 310, 327, 350, 353, 435, 437, 462, 500, 503, 560, 565, 606, 632, 636, 718
Risk management 264, 565, 660, 697
Rural development 5, 23, 45, 46, 53, 58, 61, 68, 73, 85, 101, 106, 136, 139, 147, 148, 149, 153, 178, 180, 186, 196, 203, 218, 245, 262, 275, 278, 285, 301, 312, 315, 324, 330, 339, 342, 343, 352, 355, 362, 363, 369, 379, 381, 393, 401, 411, 412, 424, 428, 435, 443, 444, 448, 458, 463, 475, 485, 486, 499, 500, 503, 508, 514, 527, 544, 547, 557, 559, 566, 568, 571, 605, 608, 618, 619, 625, 629, 633, 638, 668, 670, 676, 680, 682, 683, 684, 699
Rural environment 85, 134, 328, 568, 582, 720
Rural-rural migration 158, 383, 576, 691
Rural society 127, 134, 186, 296, 568, 720
Rural-urban migration 88, 144, 246, 580, 713
Rural-urban relations 70, 126, 446
Sahara 71, 108, 110, 163, 257, 260, 283, 362, 436, 512, 553, 555, 572, 573, 605, 606
Sahel 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 53, 54, 64, 67, 72, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103, 109, 110, 112, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132, 140, 143, 148, 150, 152, 156, 158, 159, 164, 165, 166, 173, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 178, 180, 184, 185, 187, 197, 198, 204, 214, 216, 217, 218, 226, 228, 236, 238, 240, 244, 250, 254, 262, 266, 267, 271, 272, 275, 279, 284, 300, 301, 302, 303, 307, 317, 319, 320, 323, 325, 332, 336, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 352, 353, 361, 362, 363, 364, 372, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379, 389, 391, 393, 409, 413, 415, 420, 421, 422, 423, 427, 428, 431, 437, 439, 440, 447, 448, 449, 450, 456, 462, 463, 471, 472, 473, 477, 484, 486, 487, 490, 492, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 503, 505, 507, 511, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 525, 533, 534, 535, 542, 543, 545, 547, 549, 550, 551, 552, 555, 557, 562, 563, 564, 569, 571, 572, 578, 589, 604, 607, 608, 612, 614, 618, 620, 621, 622, 625, 627, 631, 639, 640, 641, 643, 644, 646, 647, 648, 649, 651, 654, 655, 656, 657, 660, 661, 662, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 679, 680, 682, 683, 694, 699, 704, 706, 708, 709, 711, 718
Sakalava 105
Samburu 349
Savannas 2, 64, 109, 153, 278, 301, 328, 367, 368, 507, 508, 601
Sedentarization 105, 108, 113, 127, 141, 160, 197, 203, 211, 234, 257, 259, 260, 267, 278, 282, 493, 516, 540, 642, 663, 719
Segou 477
Senegal 23, 26, 35, 42, 66, 70, 84, 96, 101, 111, 115, 123, 136, 146, 147, 151, 172, 175, 178, 190, 198, 209, 212, 217, 220, 226, 242, 246, 256, 272, 275, 277, 299, 305, 310, 319, 323, 325, 334, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, 372, 383, 385, 386, 390, 431, 442, 443, 448, 456, 460, 478, 503, 506, 524, 527, 542, 543, 552, 553, 558, 563, 569, 571, 582, 584, 586, 587, 588, 592, 593, 595, 596, 598, 607, 608, 627, 635, 644, 645, 646, 656, 663, 664, 665, 667, 677, 679, 680, 682, 683, 684
Settlement 57, 84, 103, 113, 212, 234, 277, 281, 407, 441, 446, 483, 507, 540, 606, 691, 713
Silvopastoral systems 49, 50, 292, 301, 352, 463, 507, 508, 510, 621
Small ruminants 153, 197, 265, 329, 567, 572, 588, 628, 663, 674
Social analysis 11, 19, 77, 96, 99, 337, 449, 461, 519, 562, 631
Social change 22, 35, 72, 105, 110, 113, 120, 281, 307, 316, 322, 336, 340, 360, 362, 401, 404, 447, 542, 623
Social conflict 44, 48, 52, 88, 120, 123, 138, 180, 277, 356, 373, 406, 660, 666, 701
Social forestry 39, 49, 50, 195, 358, 404, 463, 599
Social security 11, 34, 131, 205, 349, 485
Social systems 17, 25, 73, 75, 82, 95, 96, 100, 105, 127, 130, 134, 147, 162, 199, 216, 226, 243, 252, 283, 322, 364, 393, 412, 431, 483, 491, 492, 527, 542, 568, 613, 642, 646, 660, 673, 688, 720
Soil 16, 71, 81, 85, 101, 118, 154, 159, 191, 212, 219, 232, 242, 259, 268, 294, 327, 344, 400, 418, 503, 510, 554, 591, 601, 671, 711
Soil chemistry 671
Soil conservation 5, 29, 154, 179, 203, 223, 239, 279, 301, 319, 345, 352, 383, 410, 453, 470, 475, 554, 563
Soil degradation 8, 389, 402, 473, 477, 542, 561, 568, 650
Soil fertility 101, 117, 206, 212, 220, 232, 242, 255, 256, 294, 313, 367, 368, 410, 515, 529, 530, 678, 711
Soil fertility management 4, 36, 56, 103, 157, 191, 220, 255, 294, 298, 366, 564, 598, 601, 678
Somalia 58, 142, 263, 310, 424, 516, 532, 568, 611
South Africa 64, 263, 327, 382, 554, 604
State 85, 104, 105, 110, 163, 166, 240, 252, 257, 272, 283, 416, 421, 568, 577, 582, 652
Subsistence 126, 478, 543, 571, 610, 697, 698
Sudan 12, 13, 16, 18, 22, 24, 35, 51, 57, 58, 81, 87, 112, 114, 141, 190, 203, 230, 250, 308, 310, 322, 355, 356, 404, 414, 415, 424, 455, 456, 457, 463, 475, 496, 516, 554, 560, 570, 576, 579, 580, 581, 583, 601, 609, 611, 619, 630, 637, 705, 713
Sudano-Sahelian region 13, 22, 46, 56, 69, 97, 115, 157, 175, 224, 225, 263, 274, 297, 298, 326, 377, 388, 390, 397, 432, 436, 450, 466, 479, 513, 515, 529, 530, 561, 650, 659, 676, 710
Sukuma 201
Survival strategy 19, 24, 70, 77, 112, 113, 126, 131, 144, 145, 180, 198, 206, 310, 414, 437, 540, 543, 560, 629, 660, 698
Sustainability 13, 17, 25, 39, 50, 60, 81, 86, 147, 188, 191, 216, 223, 232, 237, 244, 318, 335, 341, 355, 375, 404, 454, 472, 475, 508, 510, 565, 649, 690, 708, 709, 711, 712
Sustainable agriculture 10, 59, 69, 224, 225, 255, 280, 319, 451
Sustainable development 20, 29, 109, 161, 213, 266, 402, 405, 439, 440, 442, 468, 482, 489, 630, 640, 678
Sylvopastoralism 76, 77, 105, 108, 185, 243, 278, 282, 351, 386, 442, 555
Tanzania 57, 264, 452, 554, 567, 615
Tatki 209
Technology 45, 90, 101, 118, 124, 147, 167, 191, 196, 221, 232, 259, 339, 415, 453, 454, 458, 464, 527, 535, 536, 555, 565, 601, 615, 618, 649, 668, 675, 689, 698
Tenure systems 50, 65, 208, 229, 248, 250, 308, 369, 375, 379, 393, 395, 404, 405, 442, 472, 503, 655, 682, 680
Territoriality 85, 99, 111, 149, 177, 196, 208, 278, 380, 428, 442, 452, 492, 500, 501, 643, 646, 651, 660, 711
Tidikelt 283
Tin aouker 430
Toda 48
Togo 347
Tombokoare 720
Touat 283
Trade 15, 21, 25, 76, 109, 123, 197, 202, 229, 252, 270, 283, 296, 349, 361, 436, 453, 623, 694
Training 15, 30, 148, 178, 188, 196, 245, 274, 391, 401, 468, 541, 562, 639, 663
Transhumance 52, 82, 103, 109, 114, 134, 144, 209, 332, 354, 429, 441, 502, 524, 556, 576, 592, 671, 672, 712
Trarza 217
Tuareg 11, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 162, 163, 199, 201, 217, 252, 307, 329, 346, 360, 419, 430, 467, 512, 526, 537, 572, 573, 574, 575, 583, 624, 625, 628, 632
Uganda 129
Unemployment 106
United Nations 658
Urban areas 31, 113, 295, 301, 403, 493, 610, 638, 648, 686
Urban development 648
Vegetation 2, 12, 16, 29, 81, 98, 118, 156, 157, 159, 216, 221, 239, 244, 284, 293, 301, 327, 352, 378, 389, 398,414, 463, 474, 509, 546, 561, 591, 603, 670, 671
Veterinary science 15, 142, 334, 411, 569
Village-level study 5, 32, 44, 48, 99, 132, 141, 144, 145, 148, 198, 220, 238, 256, 267, 268, 312, 352, 401, 452, 456, 489, 517, 539, 544, 606, 615, 711
Waalo 667
War 1, 13, 230, 250, 251, 322, 628
Water conservation 29, 119, 179, 203, 239, 279, 345, 554
Water management 4, 71, 147, 209, 238, 283, 290, 340, 356, 362, 430, 463, 471, 501, 511, 533, 554, 555, 563, 564, 568, 569, 573, 583, 591, 642, 643, 646, 666, 708
Water resources 16, 71, 283, 287, 376, 533, 563, 625, 657, 663
Western Sahara 436
West Africa 15, 21, 84, 222, 248, 270, 276, 294, 313, 314, 326, 331, 348, 370, 375, 433, 459, 523, 623, 675, 678, 707
Wetlands 216, 221, 502, 601, 709
Wildlife 81, 260, 327, 381, 463, 477, 502, 573, 602, 672
Wodaabe 57, 112, 113, 137, 201, 226, 307, 590, 697, 696
Wolof 582
Women 3, 7, 29, 37, 43, 50, 96, 129, 133, 134, 138, 139, 141, 145, 163, 178, 180, 190, 201, 211, 246, 279, 284, 316, 322, 325, 331, 337, 345, 402, 442, 448, 449, 456, 457, 458, 475, 483, 490, 518, 523, 533, 546, 562, 571, 589, 610, 612, 615, 631, 674, 685, 703
Women farmers 45, 129, 138, 139, 178, 390, 447, 448, 449, 457, 519, 571, 617
Women pastoralists 43, 134, 162, 201, 211, 316
World Bank 238, 261, 400, 627, 682, 708
Yaere 502
Zaire 111
Zarma 720
Zarmatareye 720
Zinder 700
Zoning 12, 17, 203, 469, 678, 693